Calcination

Roasting

Activity series

Metallurgy

Corrosion

carbonate ores are changed into oxides by heating strongly in limited air

sulphide ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in the presence of excess air

A list of common metals arranged in order of their decreasing reactivity

The extraction of metals from their ores and then refining them for use

The surface of some metals, such as iron, is corroded when they are exposed to moist air for a long period of time